The Internal and External business environment of BBA Aviation plc

This report is about BBA Aviation plc. The report will identify the company’s goals and objectives but will particularly focus its attention on the Challenges the company face both in its Internal and External Business Environment. The report will also cover both PEST and SWOT analysis to determine threats, opportunities and weaknesses and the role of the company’s Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) will also be examined. Factors such as the Porters five forces and the Dimension of Complexity will also be examined to better identify this Challenges faced by the company whilst the Dimension of Complexity will give a clearer nature regarding the Complexity of the company’s Environment at which it operates.Haven discovered these challenges the Mckinsey’s7S framework will monitor if there are any changes within the organisation that will require a change in its operations. BBA Aviation is a Global company which operates in 220 locations worldwide but only i ts operations in the UK will be examined in this report. However, haven said so; there are other factors such as the International and European Law that governs its operations. These also includes; The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). There are also National restrictions and legislation from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and the Department for transport. IntroductionBBA Aviation plc is an aviation services company that offers aftermarket services, flight support and system activities to the commercial and business aviation markets. Also, it offers the services to regional airline,  military and commercial aviation operators, including fixed based operator (FBO) services, such as; grand handling, fuelling, turbine engine repair, aviation component and overhaul, hydraulic system and landing gear. (The times 2006) The company’s operations are segmented into two business operation namely; Flight support and Af termarket services and systems. The flight support segment of the company engages in ground handling, offering refuelling, crew, passenger amenities, office rentals and hanger. (BBA Aviation, 2012)After services and systems business segments of the company engages in manufactures and supports engines and aerospace component, sub-systems and systems. The segment also comprises of engine repair and overhaul, legacy support and AP Precision hydraulics (APPH). The Engine repair and Overhaul segment is the Leading independent Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), the Signature Flight Support segment is the world’s largest and market-leading fixed based operator (FBO) network. The company’s Aircraft Service International Group (ASIG) is the world’s leading independent refueller. (BBA Aviation, 2012) BBAAviation is headquartered in London. The company employees are estimated at over 12,000 at over 220 locations on 5 continents where its operations are performed. The c ompany operates in twelve locations â€Å"airports† in the UK, Seven in England, four in Scotland and one in wales (BBA Aviation, 2012) Porter's five competitive forces model:Threat of New Entrants: (Low)BBA Aviation plc operates in market segments that have relatively high barriers to entry in the fixed based operator (FBO) business. However, it is possible to have more than one fixed based operator (FBO) operator at major business aviation airports, the airport landlord will still be cautious of issuing too many leases for fear of diluting its own returns from selling the leases. (Westhouse, 2010) Another aspect of the barrier to enter is the Non-financial considerations which also have an influence. Signature’s brand strength and quality service reputation make it much more difficult for price-driven competitors to enter and build repeatable volumes/market share.If end users were truly price-sensitive, they would not be using private aviation in the first place, thi s is to say end users do not switch to a cheaper alternative as the market itself is capital intensive and has no  room for cheaper alternatives. Also, tight credit markets reduce the risk of new entrants being successful at present, hence the smaller companies are falling plus they struggle with the fund needed to create any threat in the market. (Westhouse, 2010)Another deterrent to entry is the strong emphasis on safety and aircraft to remain legally airworthy in the aviation industry set by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the Civil Aviation Authority and the Department for transport. The restrictions from this organisations acts as a barrier to entry by new companies without established track records. (Westhouse, 2010) Bargaining power of suppliers: (High)Signature’s Flight Support main operating cost is aviation fuel, which it sells on to its private jet operator customers with a mark-up. Although, Signa ture’s Flight Support has little bargaining power, the cost is a pass through. Whereas, on the Maintenance, Repair & Operations (MRO) side of the business, the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) do wield significant power in terms of their ability to dictate who can acquire licences to conduct maintenance work on their engines, given the strict safety and airworthiness regulations. (Westhouse, 2010)Given the analysis on the porter’s five, it is clear that threat of substitute is low. Also, the aviation market has a high level of barrier to entry and it’s also a high capital intensive market. The main challenge for Managers and leaders given the analysis overhead would be to main an already gained market share and provide a positive employee engagement by a way of specific and relevant job-related training and personal support. (BBA Aviation 2012) PESTEL Analysis:Political and regulatory factors (Law) – (Threats)Safe and dependable transport is essentia l to the UK society and the economy. (Department for Transport, 2012) Haven to meet the standard set by the aviation regulations, BBA Aviation ensures the company’s operations, meets and exceeds the regulations facing its Customers, these customers includes; regional airlines, business aviation, military and commercial aviation operators. (Relevant, 2012) The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) uses a mix of Domestic, European and international legislation to protect consumers.These  legislations ranges from the minimum safety standards set by the International Civil aviation organisation (ICAO), to EC legislation protecting passenger’s rights, also including the European legislation on safety and the domestic regulation on the use of airspace. (CAA, 2012) The legislations are not limited but also, include the safety of Customers, Aircrafts and its Airworthiness, Airlines and its flight standards, Airport and Airspace. (EASA, 2008) Overall, this is a threat to the company and they could lose their operating license should they fail to meet these regulations, hence employee’s needs to be better informed and trained in their individual roles. Economic factors (Weaknesses)The great challenge managers/leaders face in this context is the ability not to have the power to control or manipulate the economic factor such as the Interest rate and exchange rate. Exchange rate volatility is likely to continue to lead to some volatility in sterling profits, with most of the BBA Aviation earnings (and costs) in US dollars. (Westhouse, 2010)Foreign Exchange Risk:BBA Group has significant overseas businesses whose revenues, assets, cash flows and liabilities are mainly denominated in the currency in which the operations are located. BBA Aviation Group’s policy in relation to foreign exchange translation risk is not to hedge the income statement since such hedges only have a short effect. In relation to the balance sheet, the BBA Group seeks to denomina te the currency of its borrowings in US dollars in order to match the currency of its earnings, cash flows and assets which are principally denominated in US dollars. (BBA Aviation, 2012)Financial Risk Factors:The Groups activities expose them to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including interest rate and currency risk), liquidity risk and credit risk. Overall the Group risk management policies and procedures focus on the uncertainty of financial markets and seek to minimise and manage potential financial risks through the use of derivative financial instruments. BBA Aviation does not undertake speculative transactions for which there is no underlying financial exposure. (BBA Aviation, 2012)Under policies approved by the Board of Directors of BBA Aviation plc, risk management is carried out by a central treasury department. This department identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks in close co-operation with the Group’s subsidiaries. The treasury policies cov er specific areas such as; interest rate risk, credit risk, foreign exchange risk, use of derivative financial instruments and the investment of excess liquidity. (BBA Aviation, 2012)Social and Environmental factor (Opportunity)BBA Group has benefited from the growing population (demography) trend in the United Kingdom, increased holiday makers and Migration into the country has also increased its Group’s revenue (Mark Easton, BBC NEWS, 2010) In light of this growth, the demand for aviation services thus increase, which makes BBA Group to expand in its operations. The expansion brings about employee information and training to accommodate these changes, it also enables its customers to respond effectively and efficiently to meet the new aviation demand.(Source: BBC NEWS, 2010)Current migration figures shows a surprising and high increase in the number of people from different nationals, ethnics, gender and age migrating to Britain, not only by foreign workers or family reunio n cases, but also by a big rise in the number of students coming to the United Kingdom. (Easton, M. BBC NEWS, 2010) Other reasons for migration to the United Kingdom includes; Business, Tourist, Holiday makers and also Political. Hence, the demand for inflow and outflow on aviation services in the United Kingdom seats on a rising trend. (Mark Easton, BBC NEWS, 2010)The more flying hours generated by its customers; the commercial, business, military and regional airlines the more beneficial this is to BBA Aviation. Haven said so, when a lower fuel price was taken into account in 2009, signature flight support revenue dropped 26%. (BBC NEWS, 2010) (Mark Easton, BBC NEWS, 2010)Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)BBA Aviation focuses on delivering a long-term and sustainable value that integrates a continuous improvement and reliability, thus, embedding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in its vision. Health and Safety, Employee, Environment and Community are BBA Aviation plcâ€⠄¢s four key area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). (BBA Aviation, 2012)Technological factors (Strength)Considering the strict safety restriction in the aviation industry Technological innovation is at its highest level with zero tolerance for error. BBA Aviation brandished its strength with the launch of the First support centre. BBA Aviation Engine Repair and Overhaul (ERO) unveiled its First Support global technical operations centre. The centre utilizes integrated satellite based tracking to deliver ultra-fast and efficient response to Aircraft on Ground (AOG). (Aviationpros, 2010) BBA Aviation believes this is a game changer for the engine support industry; First Support utilizes a highly integrated real-time system that can identify locations of field service technicians, mobile response vehicles, rental engines, and tooling at any given moment, any time of the day, around the United Kingdom and anywhere in the world. (Flightglobal, 2010)The support centre has the abil ity to track the precise status of every field service job as well as the availability of the company’s assets and personnel. It can also monitor air and land based traffic as well as the impact of airport delays and weather. Given an example; when a customer calls with an Aircraft on Ground (AOG) issue, the company can rapidly deploy solutions via the most efficient routes and means. BBA Aviation industry leading services enables them to deliver a step-function improvement over existing engine support services. (Flightglobal, 2010)The centre is staffed by highly skilled field service technical managers who are expert on all engine product lines serviced by. Staffing also includes; quality assurance, engineering, and logistics personnel. (Flightglobal, 2010) The Group also introduce the Aqua-save system that helps reduce the litres of waste water generated, this waste water are converted to new coolant or water that can be use for floor cleaning operations, whilst reducing op erational cost and improve  environmental performance. (MWP Advanced Manufacturing, 2010) Dimension of complexity:1. The environment at which the organisation operates is very complex. There are heavy penalty that could affect the organisation should they under perform in their operations. These regulations are set nationally by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Other complexity includes; the unpredictable changing demand in the Aviation industry, critical government policies, laws, regulations, taxes, interest. (Wensveen, J 2010) 2. BBA Group operations are Routine and Non-Routine. This also depends on the sector. Operation that requires baggage handling and de-icing are Routine, whilst the operation that providing landing gear, engine maintenance, supply’s of engine parts are non-routine. 3. BBA Group is diversified following its operations. The group is segmented into; Aftermarket services and systems:Legacy Support: Leading supplier of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) licensed legacy products. AP Precision hydraulics (APPH): Niche landing gear and associated hydraulic equipment provider. Providing integrated logistics support for landing gear and hydraulic systems Engine Repair & Overhaul: Leading independent Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) authorised engine Repair Company. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Flight Support: Aircraft Service International Group (ASIG): The leading independent refueller Signature flight support: Largest leading fixed base operation (FBO) i.e. Ground handling. (BBA Aviation, 2013)4. BBA Aviation group generates more revenue by the more flying time clocked by its customers. (BBC NEWS, 2010) The operating environment has made its operation hostile by refusing the government to expand airports in the United Kingdom, the nation’s economy will benefits from these expansions in the long-run if plans are passed for approval. But there have been challenges from the environmental advocates and public resistance which has objected to the expansion plans and the creation of new run -ways. (The Guardian, 2013)Chairman of the Gatwick Area Conservation Campaign  Brendon Sewill said: â€Å"When people begin to realise what is likely to hit them, there will be a tidal wave of public resistance.† He said there was no need for any new runway in the South East; Stansted Airport was less than half full, new larger aircraft were coming into use and there was sufficient airport capacity to last until 2050. (BBC NEWS, 2013) BAA Aviation proposed a short a second runway at Gatwick, extra runway at Heathrow, and two extra runways at Stansted.It said the first runway should be built as soon as possible, with land â€Å"safeguarded† at two other sites for future development. But it said the option of a  £9bn new airport at Cliffe in north Kent should be excluded from the government's final expansion scheme. While local residents and green groups will welcome the possible scrapping of the Cliffe pla n, campaigners in Heathrow, Stansted and Gatwick reacted with â€Å"dismay† to BAA's statement. (The Guardian, 2013)Given the analysis above, there are little challenges from competitors as the barrier to entry is high. However, there are Environmental Challenges, Social challenges, Community Challenges and Political Challenges. But the Group’s biggest challenge is its Operational Improvement. BBA Aviation Chairman announced that the Group continue to invest in its employees and their development and made some changes to their organisational management structure at the beginning of 2013 to accelerate its growth and operational improvement programme. (BBA Aviation, 2013)The Group believes that with high operational improvement it can strive to reduce environmental impact through the more efficient use of resources, encourage innovative developments in technologies that support its business objectives and can offer environmental, community and social benefits. (BBA Aviat ion, 2013)McKinsey’s 7S’ frame-work Structure:BBA Aviation is divided into Two major Group namely; Flight Support and Aftermarket services and system. There are also further division into the major groups. This idea is to decentralise the Groups operations to the appropriate organisation with relevant skills needed to carry out each and every specific task. All of these groups work under the umbrella of BBA Aviation plc. The creation of these groups divides task and further provide coordination. It decentralises to focus on its individual area of specialisation and centralise to achieve the Group’s sole aims, goals and objectives.Strategy: BAA Aviation divided its strategy into four sections; Vision, Goal, Value and Key performance indicator. Vision:BBA Aviation’s vision and overriding objective of growing exceptional long-term sustainable value for all stakeholders is shared by all Group’ operations which are individually and collectively focused on; continuously improving market-leading and innovative businesses, working together for greater gain through improved co-ordination and co-operation and being an employer of choice for empowered individuals in a safe and sustainable environment. (BBA Aviation, 2013) Values:BBA Aviation plc employees are also unified around a common set of values; these values are a vital and integral part of the way the Group do business. (BBA Aviation, 2013) Goals:Each year BBA Group’s Executive Management Committee sets a series of short and medium-term specific and measurable goals. These goals are then cascaded throughout the Group. Each Group’s business has actions aligned to the achievement of each of the short and medium-term goals and the execution of those actions is actively monitored by Group’s management. (BBA Aviation, 2013) Key Performance Indicators:The successful execution of BBA Aviation’s strategy is expected to be value creative for shareholders. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) is used to monitor progress and any challenges faced within the Group. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Systems: The Group decentralizes its operational system, given the decentralize nature of its business. Given this approach the procedure are different group differs, hence introducing the system of internal control that helps to identify risks and challenges faced by leaders and management.BBA Aviation  internal control is essentially an ongoing process embedded in the Group’s businesses for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks faced by the Group, including; social, ethical and environmental risk. The Group considers that it has adequate information to identify and assess significant risks and opportunities affecting its long and short term value. The Group’s system is designed to manage rather than eliminate the risk of failure to achieve its business objectives. The internal control system can provide reasonable but not abso lute assurance against material misstatement or loss; to the extent that is appropriate, taking account of costs and benefits. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Style:Business operations within the Group are routine and non-routine. Certain elements of the business are designed to accommodate the routine aspect of the group. The style here can be said to be flexible as there are specific way of carrying out its operations, changes in style would be said to be low. However, the style at the non-routine aspect of the Group’s operation will change from time to time given the uncertainty in the operations of its business. As the operation at the non-routine level can sometimes not be determined this will mean the style will always have a shift to accommodate any present situation.Staff:BBA Aviation is committed to investing in and empowering its staff through training and education and to providing them with opportunities for rewarding careers. The Group provide each of its employees with spec ific and relevant job-related training and personal support while, at Group level, BBA Aviation develop programmes for example; leadership and general skills training that can be implemented across all sites.The Company provides employees with various opportunities to obtain information on matters of concern to them and to improve their awareness of the financial and economic factors that affect the performance of the Company. These include â€Å"all hands briefings†, staff forums and meetings with trade unions that take place throughout the year. In 2012 a number of communication initiatives have been launched to foster effective two-way communication  around the organisation. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Skill: BBA Aviation is highly skilled in all area of it operations. The Group’s strategy is to acquire a company that specialises in a given area of the Aviation business rather than founding a total new company for that specific area. The level of its operational skill is identified below; Flight Support:Aircraft Service International Group (ASIG): Is the leading independent refueller. Signature flight support: Is the largest leading fixed base operation (FBO) for example; Ground handling. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Aftermarket services and systems: Legacy Support: Is the leading supplier of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) licensed legacy products. Engine Repair & Overhaul: Is the leading independent Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) authorised engine Repair Company. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Super-ordinate Goals:BBA Aviation uses a range of key performance indicators (KPI), allied to the BBA Aviation vision and mission, to monitor the Group’s progress against the goals set to support the delivery of our overarching objective to grow exceptional, long-term, sustainable value for all stakeholders. To acquire the Groups super-ordinate goals, BBA Aviation set up a remuneration policy. This policy is intended to ensure that the remuneration of execut ive directors and other senior executives properly reflects their duties and responsibilities and is sufficient to attract, retain and motivate high calibre senior management capable collectively of delivering the goals of the Company. (BBA Aviation, 2013)Haven critically gone through the company’s PEST Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Porter’s five forces, Complexity of Dimension, Corporate Social Responsibility and Mckensies 7S’ frame work. It is clear that the BBA Aviation is at a stable cruising leading point in the Aviation industry and their biggest challenge is the Operational Improvement to sustain this leadership position. For this to be achieved the employees need to undergo training events to understand the company’s vision, goals, aims, objectives and also to understand the internal and external challenges, hence empowering them with the understand of what is expected of them both as an individual or a group of teams.The Harrison’s learning whe el (eight-stage process) will be a better tool for employees to understand the company’s vision and challenges. The step-by-step process will equip the employees to a better understanding on how to achieve the skills and experience needed in other to be a partaker of the vision and to combat these challenges faced by the company.Training refers to the acquisition of specific skills and knowledge that will enable an employee to perform their job effectively. Relatively, staff development concerns activities that are directed to the future needs of the employee, which may themselves be derived from the future needs of the organisation. (Palmer, A & Hartley, B)Harrison’s learning wheel (The eight-stage process): Establish needs:This is to ascertain the individual, team, group or even management that needs training to better enhance them with the training needed to understand the company’s vision and challenges. Agree on purpose and objectives for the learning event :Having to understand the employee that needs the training process, it will be important for these employees to know the purpose and objective of the training. The training is usually based on the employee to understand the immediate challenges faced by the company. Identify profile of intended population:It is vital that the pedigree of the employee has to be established. The intrinsic and extrinsic profile of the employee has to be understood and a motivational reward to be put in place to incentivise the employee. Agree on strategy and the delivery of the learning event:A strategy on how to deliver the learning event should be made flexible. Planning and control process have to be monitored in the event where funding may have come from other group of the company. Select learner cohort and produce detailed specification for the learning event: At the point leaders and manager would select employee that they think is deemed necessary to attend the learning event given the challenge s faced in their department. Finalise strategy and design the learning event:Ones these employees have been selected a proper strategy on how the learning will be passed on will then be drawn. After this process, a transformation will then be expected of these employees after haven to complete the training process. The finalisation of the training process will then hand the employee the skills and knowledge to better performance hence reducing the challenges faced by the company. Monitor and evaluate the change:The evaluation process is a tool for leaders and managers to ascertain what has worked and what has not worked after the learning process. The evaluation process helps leaders and managers to tackle the remains of the challenges. Evaluation technique that will assist leaders and managers to acquire the learning outcome will range from interviews, questionnaires, briefings, practical test, written test and even the observation of behaviour will confirm an employee engagement. Haven gone through these techniques it will be clear to leaders and managers where lapses can be foreseen and a possible remedy to tackle the remains of the challenges uncovered after the evaluation technique process.Conclusion:The operations of BBA Aviation plc are complex at the industry at which it operates. Given this complexity, their main challenge is Operational Improvement. The company in its response created specific job related training for staff at different level. The training focuses more on staff training and staff development. The Group involve their employees personally in these efforts and invest in new technologies, equipment and training and development programmes where the Group believe they can make a difference.  The Group businesses have much in common and plenty to learn from each other and the Group encourage working together, sharing ideas and good practices.BBA Aviation plc is the leading aviation service provider in the United Kingdom compared to its co mpetitors namely; Goodrich Corporation, Mercury Air Group, Inc. and TIMCO Aviation Services Inc. BAA Aviation doesn't make the planes, but it does keep them flying. (BBA Aviation, 2013)

The day the Balloon Popped

To them, this situation didn't have a remote effect on their life, but to me, this caused my whole life to change. Even to this day, every time I am punished, I recall this soul destroying incident. But fortunately I have changed. Sorry for not introducing myself, my name is Joe Levi, I am the eldest out of three children. I am fifteen years old, very tall and sturdy like my father. I am looked up to by all my siblings and in a way, l lead them through their lives. My role model is definitely my father, part of the reason being that I am known as a miniature him. I have a big sense of responsibility in the family as I am always the first child to do or try out something new. Like every other child, I have my fears but I am much too proud to admit them. Exactly seven years ago, I experienced a day that had great significance to the rest of my life. This is an account on what happened. It was coming up to the big day. This was going to be the first time I had ever slept away from my parents. I was going to be sleeping at my Grandma's flat in the West End. To me, this was much more exciting than even a holiday. My parents had finally felt that I was responsible enough to stay away from them and be in charge of myself. I was buzzing with excitement. The closer it got, the bigger I felt. I was a balloon being blown up. I felt that I was supreme. Nothing could stand in my way. Until this incidence, I had been a plant, continuously growing upwards towards the sky. My parent's were always proud of me, academically but more importantly, they loved all my character-traits. My Grandma would be taking me into Central London, and as it was around Christmas time, it would be livelier than ever. I would be going to the Theatre late at night and afterwards, I would be going to a famous Creperie. Nothing could be more exciting. I had thoughts and feelings rushing through my body. The balloon was expanding, getting bigger and bigger. It was three days before the occasion and l had one of my closest friends over at my house. Surprisingly, the Sun was shining and it was a very warm day. So, we decided to have some fun with the sun. We got a big antique magnifine-glass out from the dining room cupboard, then stealing a piece of paper from the printer, we went out into the garden. Using the magnifine-glass, we focused the sun's rays onto the corner of the piece of paper. Suddenly, the edge of the paper started glowing red. It was fascinating. It continued to glow, but soon became a stronger colour and started spreading exuberantly. Suddenly, the first flame appeared. Wow! It was amazing what the Sun could do to a piece of paper, so far away. I found my dark hazel eyes fixed into the fire and didn't notice the whole paper bursting into flames. I screamed, my friend screamed. We poured a bucket of water over the piece of paper and put it in the bin. Before we could even open our mouths to let out a sigh or relief, the whole bin set alight. My mum came rushing down the stairs and It was as if the whole situation had combusted. I was terrified. I was frightened. I didn't know what to say. I didn't know what to do. I stared at the roaring flames, taking over my life. My mum, who was only ever seen calm, went from blue to red to orange. She went into an explosive mood. After she put out the conflagration and my friend was sent home, I sat next to my inflaming mother. When I heard the punishment that I had been given, I couldn't believe my ears. The plant stopped growing, the balloon popped. I felt as if I had disintegrated into a pile of ashes. I was as hot as the sun. I still couldn't believe the cruel, deflating punishment that had been chosen. I thought to myself, what was so bad about what I did? All my friends did it. It was unfeasible to think that something I viewed as so minor, was actually so dangerous and life-threatening. My parents knew how much I was looking forward to staying at my Grandma's. Tears started pouring down my red eyes and onto my rose cheeks. I felt put down. I felt embarrassed. What would happen when my siblings found out? I thought that they may no longer look up to me. My brain was sizzling, my head was frying. I started bellowing at my evil mother but she didn't even look at me. I lay in my room, staring outside into the garden, watching all my siblings making snowmen with their friends and having fun snow fights. I started imagining what I could of be doing if I wasn't punished. I felt completely terrible. I felt as lowly as a worm. I pictured my grandma taking someone else to the theatre, having fun with another person. Anger started building up inside of me. I could feel it spreading throughout my body. It is amazing that, something which has had such a huge long-term impact on me, had been forgotten about an hour after the incident by my parents. I was as hot as hell; however they were as cool as a cucumber. To them, this situation didn't have a remote effect on their life, but to me, this caused my whole life to progress. Even to this day, every time I am punished, I recall this soul destroying incident. But fortunately I have changed. I now deflate less and less; I stay strong and carry on growing upwards towards the sky.

Strategy for Introducing a New Product Research Paper

Strategy for Introducing a New Product - Research Paper Example The company has loyal customers in the market because of its persistence. Today, it is still a dominant player in the tea industry in most of its countries. Tetley is just about to introduce a new product into the market. However, before the launch, the company needs to establish whether the market will accept the new product. In addition, the company needs to identify the specific target in the market. This paper will examine the market trends in order to provide the answers to these issues. Tetley has had immense impact in the market. It is through their marketing strategies that they have managed to win a large market share. Through this therefore, the company owns the credit for innovating tea bags in the early 1900s although the venture came after accidental realization that tea bags were a possibility in packaging. The company has its roots in the United Kingdom where its founders started out venture. The company has posted growth in several other countries. Despite the competi tion that has grown over time as new entries in the tea industry, Tetley tea still dominates the United Kingdom market. Tetley group has several sister companies operating separately. The entire sister companies offer unique brands to the region in which they operate. In 2011, Tetley dominated the market achieving 24% retail value in Canada. Tea products had a retail growth value of 4%. The volume growth in the same year was 1 %. The Canadian market posted C$ 547 million. The Canadians prove to be a good market for tea. They easily try out new tea products with the right persuasion (Masterson and Pickton, 2010:85). Tetley’s products did well in the Canadian market with black tea special brand scooping a 44% share followed by green tea with 31% while standard black tea got 18 %, which was a one percent rise from 2010. In addition, the herbal tea and fruit ranges of products as well as the color therapy proved a real success in the Canadian market. Future prospects indicated a growth in tea sales by 2016. In the United Kingdom, tea prices recorded an increase in 2010. Black tea made more sales in the market though it portrayed minimal growth. Herbal and green tea exhibited more growth in the market because of the health benefits. 12% of total sales of tea were the herbal and green tea. Most of the sales of tea were to people above 65 years accounting for 88% of consumption. Tea consumption was relatively lower for the younger generation. Tea is receiving competition from other products among the younger generation and the 90% breakfast tea sales were going down. The trends in 2011 changed because of the campaigns on the benefits of tea. This year saw Unilever take a lead in the percentage of sales. In the United States of America, tea exhibited an increase in popularity in 2011 because of the increased awareness of tea benefits on health. Tea posted a growth of 2% reaching 72278 tonnes. In this market, Unilever was leading in the percentage of sales. The tea industry in America is likely to show a 10% growth by 2016. The healthier products such as herbal tea, iced tea, and fruit-varieties stand a chance to indicate growth because of the health benefits (Masterson and Pickton, 2010: 86). The Indian market trends portrays that black tea, the standard variety still dominates because of the Indian cultural and traditional set up (Pride et al, 2011:131).

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Forms Of Business Organizations - Research Paper Example The disadvantages of corporations include the need to comply with more legal formalities like filing of annual returns, obligation to comply with more federal rules and regulations and the fact that it is expensive to form and operate compared with other business forms e.g. sole proprietorship and partnerships. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of corporations in light of the farming business of the four brothers, this form of business will not ensure be advisable as it will not meet the preferences of the owners. First, having a corporation will not give them the powers to determine the ownership and limit it to the members of the family. It will also not guarantee the adherence to the Christian beliefs and norms. Besides, having a C corporation will deny them the ability to determine the management of the business hence Xavier may not have the opportunity to offer his experience and skills. A C corporation demands that a board is constituted and the board will have the man date of monitoring the operation by formulating policies and determining who to manage the business. In conclusion, the form of business determines the manner in which the business will be operated and managed apart from determining the amount of taxes to be paid and other reporting requirements, It is therefore important that before a decision is made, the owners of the business should carefully analyze the merits and demerits of each business form in order to make decisions that will ensure their demands are met.

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Reaction paper - Essay Example There are irregularities with the reports that are being disseminated to the public. These information varies from the number of people who died at Auschwitz to the percentage of the buildings are kept from its original state and which have been modified. Some information that was made public has inconsistencies and there have been no concrete proofs of the â€Å"killings† made at Auschwitz. The interview was made in search of the truth and not to make false conclusions and judgments as to what have happened. It is still in the search of the truth as to what have happened to the people at Auschwitz and how they â€Å"disappeared.† It was an unbiased report and just brought out the inconsistencies of the information being disseminated into the public for them to â€Å"believe.† On a personal note, although the issue regarding holocaust can be considered as a sensitive and controversial issue for most people, it needed to be faced and the public should have the responsibility of facing the facts and deciphering

Why is Zara a pioneer in affordable design clothing Research Paper

Why is Zara a pioneer in affordable design clothing - Research Paper Example The paper "Why is Zara a pioneer in affordable design clothing" concenrs Zara Marketing Fashion from a ‘Fresh is What Sells’ Point of View. Because of the way that Zara, a leader in women’s fashions and a success story, has designed its marketing and business strategies, one will almost never walk into the same store twice. In looking at how to design a clothing store with its eye on the bottom line profit, Zara has found the key to their own success in the example of the produce isle. What is fresh is what will sell. As well, they have found that having many items to choose from with limited availability is far greater than having a great number of a select few items. In an economy where fashion is no longer a priority, survival becomes a game of playing the numbers in the way that will create the largest overall profit. In this game, Zara has found a formula for success that is working. Zara is a clothing company based in Spain and is a subsidiary of Inditex. In ditex has over 2500 stores across the world with Zara being around 800 or more of those outlets. According to Hines and Bruce (2007), the most successful launch of a store took place in Dublin Ireland in an outlet that was over 20,000 square feet (247). The business design is based on the concept that what is done quickly will have the best result. Getting new designs from the design room to the floor takes five weeks whereas a redesign of a piece of clothing will take only two weeks to reach the stores. Zara markets clothing for men.

Approaches to Clinical Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Approaches to Clinical Psychology - Essay Example Most individuals are familiar with Freud’s characterization of the personality as differentiated into three categories of ego, super-ego, and id. When considering the relevancy for this personality theory for psychodynamic counseling it’s important to note that Freud believed that the conscious elements represented by the ego in certain situations experienced cognitive overload resulting in repression as a protective mechanism. Psychodynamic counseling treatment functions by determining the patient’s underlining malaise as rooted in the complex interaction of conscious and unconscious forces governing the individual’s actions. Once the forces governing the patient’s behavior have been identified, the therapy then functions to develop a functional response to the issue. As one might infer, while the process can be implemented through quick and direct methods, psychodynamic therapy usually occurs through the long-term and methodical investigation of t he patient. A number of objections have surfaced in response to psychodynamic therapy that has largely marginalized it as a therapeutic approach. One of the most prominent is the general rejection of many of Freud’s theories as largely unscientific, as their assumptions are predicated on untestable hypotheses (Corey 1991).

Newspapers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Newspapers - Essay Example nic tragedy way back in 1912 and have shown how each of the three dailies The New York Times, Las Vegas Optic and Santa Fe New Mexican reported it in their 1912 third week of April publication. It was at midnight of the 14th of April 1912 that Titanic hit an iceberg and the rest was one of the worst and most tragic episodes recorded in history. The Titanic was considered to be the most ‘gigantic’ (The New York Times, p.1) luxury cruise-liners of the century that could never drown. But as fate would have it, Titanic went down taking along with it more than 1500 passengers including hundreds of women and children. It became the major news of the 1912s and dominated page 1 of almost all the dailies for weeks. Each of the newspaper houses hounded for more detailed news not only for making business but for delivering as much information as possible to the aggrieved families of the victims who were trying hard to know and connect to their relatives who were on board. The publication of The New York Times that came out on the 16th of April 1912 has provided a detailed account of the incident. The Headline ‘The Lost Titanic Being Towed out of Belfast Harbour’ with a picture of the luxury liner evokes a sense of irrevocable loss. The best part of The New York Times is that it adopts a style that suits the common man’s taste. The news is presented in conversational English that people can connect with. By focusing on every detail from the desperate attempts of the Captain, Captain Smith, to the helplessness of family and friends in trying to get in touch with their loved ones, it makes the tragedy all the more palpable to its readers. Every column informs about one or the other aspect of the accident that might help in understanding the death toll, the exact location and the condition of those who have been saved. It provides a list of those feared to be dead on the basis of the number of cabins and the passengers fitted in them. This bit of statistical data

Should I study accounting (I will say agree and should give reason.) Essay

Should I study accounting (I will say agree and should give reason.) - Essay Example Here the word value means in the monetary terms and also in the behavioral terms. An accountant is a respected person in all the businesses and the organizations. Many authors have listed several reason and advantages to study accountancy as the major subject. The future of an accountant is always secure regarding economic and monetary terms and conditions. The on-job promotions always give an open opportunity for growth and development of any individual and for an accountant there is a variety of promotions during their job trainings. The accountant may be offered a handsome salary package just because of his major studies and the skills and abilities, which he may possess after completing the accounting major. As I am interested in doing my own business, accountancy will also help me regarding all the techniques of the installing and then running any business. Accountancy major actually teaches the tips and tricks to handle or to govern the business in a proper and true direction, hence I chose accounting as my major. Firstly, I want to say that accounting is a field having a wide scope in many areas of the life or in professional terms we can say in many businesses accounting can be compensated. I am completely satisfied with accounting field and want to continue with it. There are many reasons behind my decision regarding the selection of accounting subject as my major. I am very easy at playing with numbers. From my early educational life, I am always attracted towards mathematical subjects and or we can say numbers and counting. Due to my interest and affiliation with the subject, I decided to take accounting as my major subject. Now at this point of time in my educational career, I must appreciate my decision of taking accounting as a major. This profession does not limit a person to a single line of business but has its roots to the personal finance management as well (Chavez 1981). Another reason for the

Gillette Essay Example for Free

Gillette Essay 1. Statement of issues/problems/opportunities (10%): Very briefly describe the organisation‟s situation. Be sure to focus on the underlying issues / problems / opportunities and not symptoms. Do not just reiterate organisational facts. 2. Recommendations (40%): What should the organisation do? Provide a detailed description of the actions necessary for the organisation to deal with the identified problems and opportunities. Be specific enough that a organisation could pick up your recommendations and act on them. 3. Justifications and analysis (50-60%): Provide a set of carefully considered arguments for why your recommendations are likely to be effective. Perform any type of analysis you like on facts obtained in developing your justifications. You can also draw on logic and experiences from materials in other sessions or courses. The bottom line, however, is you must be logical, convincing, and exhaustively thorough. Case Study One: Gillette Gillette stock price is falling from $64 in early 1999 to $24 in 2001. Market share for the profitable disposable razor sector declined about 5 percent while its competitor picked up. The sales declined three percent in 2000. The new CEO James Kilts joined Gillette in February 2001 and realized that the market share of this high profit margin brand is dropping while debt increasing. There are underutilized production capacity which can help the company to save $350 million; management looking at short-term success where they â€Å"stuff† products to distribution channels where the supply is higher than demand and caused aged stocks; to further reduce the relevant cost and solve â€Å"stuck stocks† – he is considering brand advertising and promotions – (something that Gillette seldom do to maintain leadership status). He felt that support for the brand globally got sidelined in the rush for short term results. Better forecast should be impleted to control the budget and costing better based on the market size and targeted market to penetrate. Lower down debt. Assignment questions: 1. To what extent does Gillette rely on incremental innovation or leaps in technology with each product introduction? Gillette may goes after innovation too heavily where the product is technical and sophisticated. Consumers may not understand the complexity and value the high technical functions of the product that sells at a very premium price – X% even more expensive than its preceeders. While it has ignored the value perceived of customers on shavers. The company should consider both factors – internally and externally for strategic marketing. Including political factors, economic factors (rising inflation), company financial situation, as part of the pricing strategy. 2. How successful has Gillette been with its trade-up pricing strategy and its ability to charge premium prices? Very successful. As the number of trade up is high.  However, cost of advertising to existing customers should be much lower than new customers. Priority advertising should be targeted to new market to increase market share, aside from maintaining brand position reinforce the brand in consumers. Message of advertisement is often simple and sharp. However, focus of the ads is very much on product with arg umentative wording, such as â€Å"the best†, â€Å"the only†. The brand may need to focus on brand advertisement for reinforcement purpose and stabilize the market share over the long run. 3. Should Gillette be concerned about the possible cannibalisation of the healthy sales of existing products by each new product launched? Yes. New products should target different market but should not cannibalise existing sales in long run. Different target market, e.g. more premium group where they are early adopters and enjoy premium brands As the company still sells old versions of shavers, it has even more reasons to target different products to different arget group to increase market share. 4. How global and integrated is Gillette‟s global marketing communications? Localised message should be applied to synergy better with other countries as different countries have different cultural background, norms and etc Gillette has a broad coverage strategy in place today and its â€Å"The best a man can get† theme supports this broad coverage strategy. It serves consumers ranging from disposables to high end cartridge systems. Gillette has struggled in the past when it has made attempts to add complementary goods to its offerings. Past attempts at this strategy were subsequently divested. We propose an alternative for phase 3 of the strategy. Rather than adding products that might not carry the value of a strong brand and image we propose that Gillette focus on areas of the world where they don’t have strong market share. Japan is an area specifically mentioned in the case. It is mentioned that Shick has a first mover advantage in Japan. Gillette has a very strong share of the market in the North Atlantic area. It has invested heavily in RD and is getting ready to invest more in advertising and adding plant capacity. Gillette should work to maintain its advantage in the North Atlantic through patent enforcement, new product innovation, and building on customers perceived benefits through advertising and delivery of superior products. Solidifying its leadership position in the North Atlantic, Gillette can then focus on other areas of the world. Rather than allowing Shick to imitate its new Sensor, Gillette can aggressively go after market share in other areas of the world. The marketing campaign will be critical to capturing market share in other areas of the world. Gillette has the opportunity for a first mover play in Japan with Sensor. Marketing campaigns should be tailored to position Gillette uniquely in different parts of the world market. Rather than going for a consistency approach, Gillette should customize the marketing campaigns to either strengthen its leadership position or establish itself as an innovator. The consistency approach to the marketing campaign as outlined in the case does not support this direction. Gillette might even consider launching Sensor in Japan or other parts of the world, followed quickly by a North Atlantic launch. A marketing campaign in Japan promoting first mover status with new technology could help capture increased market share. Gillette has made investments in developing the Sensor system. It now needs to ensure it is capturing appropriate levels of value based on what it can build in the way of perceived benefits to consumers through advertising and superior product. Building this benefit advantage in new and existing markets will allow Gillette to price at a point where it can capture more economic profit than it does today. The investment in plant, equipment, and inventory is a bet that needs to be made for this new product. It will be important for Gillette to be able to deliver enough product to the market and let its competition know that it is dedicated to this production and to protecting its patents. 5. Assess Gillettte‟s approach to women‟s shaving needs? Very manly design as the female designs looks very similar to the male wet shavers. Focuses on technical heavily where it may ignores the demand of consumers – females are different from males during purchase decision and process. Company should penetrate female market, new and large market for the company to yield further profit from the same technology. Focus should be on female buying process and demand, e.g. color, demand, preference, etc. in order to maintain the position of leader in wet shaver market. Both male and female markets can be equally important. However, the company can leverage on the brand equity and value of its success on male wet shaver and hence reduce the cost of advertising – advantage over other products. Penetration of female market should be easier, fast, to enjoy economies of scale at high profit margin ahead of other competitors. Should enhance on product packaging. Overall value to targeted consumers. Psychographic segmentation is concerned with identifying personality traits and distinguishing characteristics in groups of the population. Examples are young and outgoing (for the sale of new forms of music) or grey and conservative (for classical and 60s music). Pyschographic segmentation is clearly relevant to shaving patterns and behaviours. For example, busy well groomed people are likely to go for an upmarket shaving system. In order to fully penetrate market, older versions of the wet shavers – on promotions. To capture middle market and mass market. At an affordable price. Commodity and mass market products. Should achieve both cost advantage differentiation. Didn’t achieve cost advantage because there is underutilized production which may save $350 million According to the product lifecycle, it should allow higher quality at lower price Unit operation cost should go down during growth stage The case points out that Gillette’s competitors were quick to copy new products. Trac II was copied by the competition within five months and other product imitations appeared in 18 and seven months. Historically Gillette did not pursue patent enforcement because of antitrust challenges. This tactic needs to be re-thought. The RD spend needs to be protected to help Gillette retain its competitive advantage and its position as a technology leader. Gillette aggressively patented ideas during the Sensor development. Twenty-two different patents were applied for and obtained by end of 1988. Gillette has access to the patents as an isolating mechanism for building competitive advantage in the market. To protect the investment Gillette has made in the development of the Sensor system, it must leverage the isolating mechanism of the patents. By not pursuing the patents, Gillette maintains market share but does not increase market share. It is allowing consumers of the competitions’ products to stay with that brand versus switching to Gillette’s products. Why would they switch if their brand will be coming with an imitation soon? Image, reputation, and credibility all are important to protecting the superior benefits of an experience good. By not protecting the patents, Gillette is not building the consumer view that it is providing superior products. Protecting the patents will also allow Gillette to further immobilize the resource it has in technology. The equipment and plants are certainly not very mobile, but the people that developed the ideas and technology are very mobile. The patents may offer an advertising or marketing advantage; the 22 patents help Gillette illustrate the innovations they have achieved with Sensor. Though being at the top, Gillette now deals with the problem of product innovation in a somewhat stagnant and mature shaving market and needs to find other ways to remain on top. The possible solutions relate to acquiring its competitors’ business, developing and expanding the women’s market and further reducing the prices to reach more customers.

Goldenstate Manufacturers Pvt Ltd Business Essay

Goldenstate Manufacturers Pvt Ltd Business Essay Goldenstate Manufacturers has a purpose that is too boost in textiles operating and basically to make Profit in operation with textile garments. They are also in top five business and they still want to be in market for Competition and maintain there Image, reputation and status within the Garment processing industry. Main focus for Goldenstate is to raise the productivity level with high quality output. As seen in the case-study, they were in top five company but they gone down due to customer complain due to poor finished good quality that when the goal was put on to strive for it. Optimize the production and improve the quality of the finished garment. It differs from a Non Profitable Organisation because Goldenstate operates for profit, Brand Name, Image and reputation. Non Profit Organization operates for social service such as Red Cross, Welfare Services, Church, and Mosque. These companies operate to serve the community, provide service to the people, they at times use volunteers to work for them, and normally operate through Aids from bigger organizations or government organisations but Goldenstate has a structure, a management and guide lines for their employees who do paid jobs. (Notes from Lecturer) Answer 1.2 Organisation Chart Goldenstate Manufacturers ( Pvt) Ltd. Board of Directors CEO Mark Fraser HR and RD Depart Accounting Finance OperationManager Carl 1500 + staffs Knitting Dept Manager Adam Sales Marketing Dyeing Dept Manager James Finishng Dept Manager Ron Cutting Dept Stitching Dept Purchase Dept Supervisors Supervisors Supervisors Supervisors Supervisors Supervisors Quality Control QC Staffs 100+ Staffs Staffs Staffs Team Leaders Staffs Team Leaders Staffs Team Leaders Staffs Team Leaders Staffs Team Leaders Staffs Staffs Answer 1.3 Explain how effective you feel the organization is and list the main skills and competencies needed for it to be competitive? Goldenstate is not an effective company: they are lacking in speed production, lacking in communication, they are disorganized and are getting customer complaints due to low grade finished well. High performance was not shown. Co-coordinating the flow of work was less. Examples are like, Carl is firm, strict and finds it hard to communicate, high work pressure in production, lack of liberty for staffs, Dyeing and Cutting overstaffed, production held up in stitching. Goldenstate can use the following skills to reach the end product with high quality to be competitive: Working guidelines can be issued to each staff. Performance Appraisal. E.g. Clear working guidelines, procedures followed. Responsibility and Accountability to be notified. E.g., Quality Control must be thorough checked at each stage of production, and production to rectify the faults before shipment such this can help in increasing company image and make customers happy. Ease in the flow of work. E.g.: Each department must complete their share of task on time considering other sections as well. Clear priorities and work schedules. Staff credits (praises) and encouragement can be a key to success in retaining staffs as well as increasing quality production. (notes from Lecturer ) Team work, respect between Management and Staffs Crystal clear communications between CEO, Managers and Staffs with show effectiveness in GoldenState. Planning of Time and Staff Management should be done weeks earlier so that staffs are not over pressured. They should have a good flow of communication between Managers and Staff members E.g. Meetings, memos(notes from Lecturer ) Question 2 Answer 2.1 Explain the leadership styles of Adam, the Knitting Manager, and James the Dying Manager, and comment on how appropriate you these are in the current situation? James, the Dyeing Manager is liked by his team as his personality here shows that he is like a Laissez Faire. E.g.: the staffs taking care of themselves and James does not say anything and as well as Participative. laissez faire- where the leader sits back and allows things to happen. For example, James, the Dyeing Manager. The leadership style of Adam, the Knitting Manager is straight forward as he quotes My way or NO way is Autocratic. Adam has the control and power over his command. his way is what he wants from his staffs is that things are to be done and accomplished as per his rules. In current situation, his way the staffs under Adam may feel pressured which can result in staff leaving job, lack of communication, not taking staff feedbacks. (notes from Lecturer ) Though as a manager he is responsible for his teams output, he still analyses the situation his way and staffs do it their way to meet output which can be noted as individual participation or good team work, a healthy relationship with staffs. In current situation, James feel accepted and may understand their responsibilities. James is flexible as well as its mentioned that he takes no action if mistake is made. He can attentioned as a Team Player i.e. if one doesnt do he must be doing it himself as a team worker. Overall the company needs to optimize the production and improve the quality of products, so these Managers are doing their best what they can to meet the goals for GoldenState. (notes from Lecturer ) Answer 2.2 Use any motivational theory, or theories, to advise Adam, the Knitting Manager, how he might motivate his staff so they will remain with the company. Make sure you explain what he must do and how he might do it? Currently Adam has a my way or no way theory which does not motivate the staff. To motivate the staff, Adam has to show some Empathy which can show a likeness in staff and feel welcomed at all time. He must encourage and motivate his staffs by offering the liberty to certain extent only, being friendly with them, offer the work diversity or in-house training(considering company budget). To do all this Adam should have regular staff meeting and call for feedbacks from staffs, ask for new ideas and what and how else staff thinks they can be more effective (basic needs and expectancies). Adam can also call for incentives, he should be supportive. In this way staffs will feel welcomed and later Adam should represent his team with his superiors outlaying his department (notes from Lecturer ) concerns. This is the easy and right way of communicating within an organization. Adam should (Ethics) build his trust and confidence amongst his staffs and be a role model and feel accepted and should feel himself in the team. Staff credits (praises) and encouragement can be a key to success in retaining staffs as well as increasing quality production. Job rotation, enrichment and enlargement. Adam can also use the two factor theory like Hygiene factor and Motivator factor. ( recognition, achievement credits, Job security, Organizational policies). The Maslow Hierarchy of needs and Expectancy motivations can also be used by Adam as follows. (notes from Lecturer ) The Maslow Hierarchy of needs and Expectancy motivations can also be used by Adam as follows. Level of performance required by Adam Final expected outcome from Adam and the business. Jobs required by Adam for staff GOLDENSTATE MANUFACTURERS Success Self esteem and confidence Belongingness. Friendliness of staff The Safety and security of the staff Basic needs of staff such as Food, Water, Shelter. Physiological Answer 2.3 Mark the CEO Has told Ron, the Finishing Manager, that he should delegate more. Explain to Ron the steps he must take to delegate effectivevely making sure you clearly explain what he has to do at each step and how he might be able to do kit? According to Mark the CEO, Ron (Finishing Manager) should be more delegative. Ron should take the following steps to effectively operate his team of staffs, as we can notice in case-study that the workers turnover in Finishing Knitting is high. Ron should share the goal of the company with each staff saying that the goal for Goldenstate is optimizing the production and improve the quality of the finished garment, regain Reputation and Image and say lets work towards these goals as a united team. He must also say that improvement suggestions as feedback in knitting process will be highly appreciated. Delegation is a vital management skill. The advise that I can give Ron is: Call up a Team meeting and praise all his staffs for the good work they doing. And say to all that once a person gains experience in this Textile (Garment ) industry, there are higher chances for responsibilities and promotions. Task to be given to the people who Ron thinks is capable of to all. Such as his team has more workers turnover he can assign certain task and also carry on training for those less experience. The Finishing team should be advised by Ron about meeting the deadlines and quality as well, and each member must help each other to accomplish the deadline. Ron must clearly advise his team on Checking and controlling the quality.eg. checking dying, stitching,etc before working on finishing that this is where QCs can be advised. Ron should give his full support and communicate to the bottom level and must also credit for success..e.g. say thanks to each individual on the effort they put in to meet quality. Work review must be done by Ron on daily basis e.g.: checking the assigned task on finishing garments. Ron should plan his weekly target, arrange his weekly working roster and ask the staff for any flexibility and comfort if they have any..e.g. not getting extra workers per shift. Friendliness with authoritative accountabilities to responsible staffs will make them feel accepted and them willing to show www.delegations.uwa.edu.au/Â   extra effort at work. Smart Delegations can get work done Smartly. Ron should also advise his team that when a product reaches Finishing Team and if they find a fault upon QC inspection, it should be NOTIFIED immediately to the supervisor or Ron where Ron can then advise accordingly. www.delegations.uwa.edu.au/Â   These were few the view points for Ron to take and follow to have an efficient team to accomplish the GoldenStates goal and if all the departments work hand in hand they will meet there expected goal and gain customer trust in the market again. There are in the market to be top in competitive garment market and be a leading role model.

Statistics and Overview of Phishing Attacks

Statistics and Overview of Phishing Attacks Mansour Aljedani Is a form of criminal conduct which constitutes a growing threat to users financial institutions, and businesses, internet users and social media. Because it does not appear that the risks and damage to phishing in decline in but on the contrary it is becoming increasingly complex, the implementation of the law and government agencies and the private sector at the global level it has to cooperate in their efforts to combat phishing. Where the advent of the Internet and expansion in the computer-based technology in the modern days the number of Internet users has increased in the past few years and this means the threats we are going to face them they grown. Development of means of computer hackers day after day, to deceive others in order to obtain their password or any sensitive information one of the most important of these tricks is spread recently across social media sites and e-mail known as (Phishing Attack). Phishing also it called electronic fraud, it means the person or spoofing, cheating the company by sending an e-mail message claiming to be from the regular company liked to the recipients of the message to the company, and asks him to get some personal information such as bank account details, Passwords, credit card details [1].These are some of the institutions and companies that are struggling trolling all over the world, Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG), China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC),Anti-Phishing Alliance of China (APAC) and private sources across the world. My opinion, Is a person or deception, cheating the company by sending an e-mail message claiming that it is a regular company linked to the recipients of the letter to the company, and asks him to get some personal information such as bank account details, passwords and credit card detailsetc. This is done in several ways, most notably: the demand to respond to the message, or put a link in the message to page a fake, and then uses the information to access to bank accounts over the Internet, or access to corporate sites that request personal data to allow access to the site. Anti-Phishing system issued a number of times about the attack on the computers of users of Kaspersky Lab program has been a number of attacks in 2016 32,363,492 times, which is 2.6 million less than the previous quarter. Overall 8.7% of the attacked Kaspersky Lab users by phishers in 2016 [2]. 2.1. Geography OF attacks Most of the country that may be affected by the attacks on users in 2016 are China and the percentage of those who attacked by (20.22%) [2]. Figure 1Geography of phishing attacks The number of users that have been employed on the anti-phishing system and the photo shows the total number of users of Kaspersky Lab in the country. The proportion of the attack in Brazil told by a 2.87 18.63% supplied to Brazil in second place in the standings. And it finished third in the State of Algeria (14.3%) after a 2.92 increase in their share from the previous quarter. The number of attacks in Russia to 7.74% in the third quarter and 7.16%, followed by Canada, the United States 6.56% and the United Kingdom 6.42%ÂÂ   [2]. 2.2. TOP 3 attacked organizations The fraudsters focus on the most popular sites, to increase their chances of a successful phishing attack. Many of half of all undiscovered element Kaspersky Lab heuristic anti-phishing is a phishing pages hiding behind less than 15 company names [2]. 2.3. Proportion of spam in email traffic in 2015 In 2015, the proportion of spam in e-mail traffic 55.28%, which is 11.48Lower than a year earlier percentage points [3]. Figure 2 the proportion of spam in email traffic, 2015 In the first months of the beginning of the 2015 drop was recorded, 61.68% in January to 53.63% in April. 2.4. Sources of spam by country in 2015 There was a slight change to the top three spam sources, in 2015: China has been low since the issuance of the decision of non-spam messages in which the proportion of the country published by 0.59 percentage points China dropped to fourth place at the rate of (6.12%). Vietnam ranked third by (6.13%), and got a 1.92 percentage points. Russia remained in second place by (6.15%) and an increase of 0.22 percentage points. The United States got in the first place, and maintained by arrangement (15.16%), despite a decline of 1.5 percentage points [3]. Figure 3 Sources of spam by country 2.5. The size of spam emails in 2015 Figure 4 The size of spam emails in 2015 In 2015 e-mail messages is desired proportion (less than 2 kilobytes), and averaged 77.26%, while the e-mail messages to the size 2-5 KB decreased to 9.08% [3]. It supports the use of phishing e-mails containing false links to websites aim to get internet user information, but in the recent years, phishing process has evolved to include new techniques to gain access to victims, these are some of them:- 3.1. Clone Phishing In this genre, the scammer constructing electronic mail or reproduced link from email legitimate, and within the email are replaced by the link with malicious copy and then send it via e-mail spoofed so that it appears its coming from the same transmitter, it does so to get the personal information from the victim. It may claim to be a re-send of the original or an updated version to the original [4]. 3.2. Spear Phishing It is a type phishing is it carefully and determine prior these people. Usually the victim is a company or group of dignitaries. Worksite looked like 100% commercial site and be content page request information or enter data update or add a credit card, and sends the message exactly similar to the messages the company or organization and be content in the request on the link to update the data [4]. Figure 5 Clone Phishing The image that is shown above is explaining for Prankster fraud link. 4.1. Email Spoofing It is that the scammer claims to be a legitimate sender, sends a message makes victims believed in the instructions for taking the style used deceptively sends e-mail message fake with a simple change of legitimate e-mail in order to trick recipients. Where fraud Email Sender because it did not contain because of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) [4]. 4.2. Web Spoofing Can prankster set up a Web site that looks similar to a legitimate site, and also makes the victim believe this is the site and this makes the victim enter passwords and personal information the goes into the prankster [4]. 4.2.1. How attack works The attacker failed continent goes process, be between the Web and the victim and had the nickname of this type (man in the middle attack) in information security. However, the victim requested access to the site through a browser on the Internet, such as Google Chrome‎ or Firefox etc. by typing the address URL, for example, (www.yahoo.com) the firstÂÂ   part of a www and Part II DNS (yahoo.com). Also in addition to that when he enters the victim to the site asks your browser commonly used DNS to determine IP address of the host (www) in the field (yahoo.com). The first trick is do it scammer instead of the real Web server, for example, the title of real URL is http://www.yahoo.com and the scammer rewrites address URL to add http://www.Phisheing.com to the front part URL http://www.Phisheing.com http://www.yahoo.com and the victim will think that the browser (Phisheing.com) is a web server and then will ask for it [5]. See fig 6 for more details. Figure 6 Web Spoofing 4.3. DNS Cache Poisoning DNS cache poisoning is a way to feed the local DNS cache of replacement of the incorrect records works DNS through UDP and easy to spoof the source address of the UDP packet [6]. The hacker change the real IP for the IP address it on its own DNS address [6]. 4.3.1. How attack works The hacker amendment cache server DNS to IP address fake. When catching the victim wants to get to (www.bing.com), the browser will ask DNS cache to providing IP address. Here it will be IP address leads to the victim the fake website that is provided by the hacker to steal information from the victim. This type is usually when hacker attacks DNS server and modify IP address. More is known about these cause problems and called the attack (Pharming). Figure 7 DNS Cache Poisoning The hacker attacks the DNS server for modification the ligament IP address to his IP address, which gives him to steal information from the victims. 5.1. Phishing Attack on Facebook Has been detected by some information security experts say there are attacks in the name of cyber-attack are spread too quickly reduce that there is a victim every 20 seconds. It was found that up messages to Facebook users from people who have jobs on the social network, that this letter to steal user accounts will be published infection for a way to send the message to the victim and his friends. Between the 24th and 27th June, things were going well and suddenly received thousands of Facebook users a message from a friend mentioned in the comments, explains the cyber security company. It was, in fact, the start of the message from the attackers to attack the two phases the first phase downloading by the victim of the virus Trojan on your computer. The second phase steals account when you log on again to Facebook. The injured nearly 10,000 Facebook account in Europe, Tunisia, and South America, often occurring in Brazil, does not show that the incident had reached the United Kingdo m [7]. 5.2. Attack on the site Natfilex Some security experts discovered FireEye that have been targeted users Netflix by pranksters in the deception campaign, The plan was a steal credit cards to subscribers in the Netflix and other personal information using modern techniques with a strong attack. The beginning of the attack is to send a message via e-mail require users Netflix entry on the link that leads to the registration page like the truth, Then ask users to update their personal information such as invoice numbers and payment and Date of Birth etc., before being transferred to a site Netflix Forensic [8]. Figure 8 Attack on the site Natfilex An example of a spoofed page that appears from Netflix, which asks the user to enter Username and Password. 5.3. Phishing Attack on Dropbox The use of Dropbox file storage to a phishing attack via e-mail message and a fake page, but this attack was quickly closed according to Symantec. Said security vendor that discovered a set of mail to electronic fake and the message contains a large file and a link to a page Dropbox, the message claims that a document can be viewed them by clicking on the runway link in the message and the link is logged on a fake page on Dropbox itself [9]. 5.4. Phishing Attack on Twitter Said in a statement by the information security manager Twitter was hacked about 250.000 uses. E-mail messages and other information He said the attack, which happened last similar attack that took place on two newspapers Wall Street Journal and New York Times. Some US newspapers reported that the attack was carried out by Chinese hackers. Also the root of the expert in information security Professor Alan Woodward from University of surrey that users be careful of the messages sent to them by phishers with Twitter itself [10]. The growing use of digital technology as the communication medium of entertainment, a tool for the completion of various transactions increased the risks and problems of the diversity may result from this use, and most importantly what is known as phishing email, which can be defined as a fraudulent process in which access to personal information by giving the impression that he trusted entity that in the digital space. There are dozens of smart ideas that help you to protect your personal credit and your identity online, in order to protect yourself Follow these are advices. 6.1. Phishing through scare tactics Usually, the fraudster sends via e-mail that the prosecutor mail from a businessman or an organization is likely that you are dealing with it like a bank, or the Internet service provider you have, or online payment service, or a travel agency, or even a government agency. And he asks you to update or validate, or confirm your account information. Some fraud messages threatening dire consequences if you do not respond. Mail will send you to a site look just like the organizations website or the original side. Such mail is a phishing scam [11]. 6.2. Messages avoid phishing is when people assume personal bank sends you an prompts you for the information about your bank account or credit card under the pretext of making sure of the numbers, relying on the banks logo and other graphics and images to make you think that the message sent by the bank itself. You should not respond to such messages and make sure that the bank and banking institutions do not need to communicate with you to make sure your banking information [11]. 6.3. Do not click on the link Easy enticing you to provide a link attractively Instead of clicking on the link provided, use your browser to go to a known and trusted site by typing the address in your web browser. For example, take this link: https://www.google.com If you click this, it will not take you to Google, and it will take you to a completely different place. The scammers use this trick all the time to cheat you to go to malicious sites. As you can know where the link will take you provided you go through your mouse over the link without clicking on it, if you do it on the link above you will see infosec.kku.edu.sa at the bottom of your browser. If you are using a smart phone, click and hold on the link provided so that shows you the fund shows you the true destination of the link. 6.4. Avoid suspicious responses on online advertising You may need days to publish an online ad for sale for what purpose, then you will receive inevitably letters from interested Among them may be fraudulent messages to send you a buyer crook imminent in another currency worth more than the amount requested by arguing that it was unable to currency conversion and then prompts you to send the rest. When send him a rest you will discover that you check who sent fake. 6.5. E-mail contain misspellings Be wary of e-mail messages that claim to be from organizations or official bodies however contain grammatical errors or mistakes in the use of words, spelling or punctuation. Most official bodies reviewing what is transmitted several times before sending it to the public, is usually crisp, debugging and removed during this process. 7.1. Survey results The majority from ICT, because I went to the department ICT and published them my questions and has the discussion with them after they finish Questions. The majority from trimester 5, because I went to them and explain the my objective (phishing) and give them my questions. The majority chose NO in the rate of (56.25%), this indicates a lack of studies (phishing) in the previous semesters or not to search for it in books or on the Internet, unlike those who chose (YES) by (43.75%), and this shows that they have been search for it on the Internet or books. The majority chose NO in the rate of (68.75%), this shows that students are eager to use their information protection programs (phishing) this is a good indicator of students (ICT). The majority in the rate of (62.5%) chose YES, This is a good rate for students ICT also indicates that their thinking to protect their information and keeping it from phishing by attackers. The majority in the rate of (58.82%) chose NO, This indicates a lack of study material for protection by. Now, at the present time there are digital worldÂÂ   That made peoples lives is simple and easy to make to find the information and communication between the people and the majority of devices used by people, such as computers and smartphones, we use the internet for information and technical information and the curriculum and learning and creation of scientific research or academic and communicate with our friends and our families, such as Google scholar, Google books, YouTube, Skype, WhatsApp, Facebook and Snapchat. However, most hackers had started to develop piracy methods that can be used to steal information from computer users. Phishing is a way of attacking people on their own specific information such as username, password, and credit card. Phishing is also the most widely used method that has been found in the early discovery of computers. Additionally, it has this trick has increased in the past years, using several methods including fake page and a Man in the middle which made this trick to succeed and be used in most is ignorance of computer users. Phishing exploits points weaken people like to deal with them through any kind of kinds to get their own information. Besides, it is known there are a lot sites on the internet, making it difficult to find and prevent phishing sites or blocked, however, it applied most of the host site technical solutions that can mask the phishing sites. In addition, computer users should teach about how to detect phantom site and use the correct web sites. [1]Phishing Attack Victims Likely Targets for Identity Theft. [Online]. Available: https://www.gartner.com/doc/431660/phishing-attack-victims-likely-targets. [Accessed: 15-Jan-2017]. [2]D. Gudkova, M. Vergelis, N. Demidova, and T. Shcherbakova, Spam and phishing in Q1 2016, AO Kapersky Lab, 2016. [3]M. Vergelis, D. Gudkova, N. Demidova, and T. Shcherbakova, SPAM AND PHISHING IN 2015, AO Kapersky Lab, p. 25, 2015. [4]A. A. Khan, Preventing phishing attacks using one time password and user machine identification, ArXiv Prepr. ArXiv13052704, 2013. [5]P. Kalola, S. Patel, and C. Jagani, Web Spoofing For User Security Awareness. [6]M. N. Banu and S. M. Banu, A comprehensive study of phishing attacks, Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 783-786, 2013. [7]Facebook fake friend phishing attack uncovered heres how to spot it. [Online]. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/07/06/facebook-fake-friend-phishing-attack-uncoveredheres-how-to-sp/. [Accessed: 21-Jan-2017]. [8]Netflix phishing scam goes after credit card data, personal info, WGAL, 12-Jan-2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.wgal.com/article/netflix-phishing-scam-goes-after-credit-card-data-personal-info/8591111. [Accessed: 22-Jan-2017]. [9]One of the most convincing phishing attacks yet tricks you with Dropbox sharing, PCWorld, 20-Oct-2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.pcworld.com/article/2835892/dropbox-used-for-convincing-phishing-attack.html. [Accessed: 25-Jan-2017]. [10]D. Lee, Twitter: Hackers target 250,000 users, BBC News, 02-Feb-2013. [11]7 Tips To Protect Against Phishing | Norton. [Online]. Available: https://us.norton.com/7-tips-to-protect-against-phishing/article. [Accessed: 04-Feb-2017].

association of kenyan women writers :: essays research papers

The Association of Media Women in Kenya, AMWIK, is a national media association whose overall concern is to promote and represent interests of women in the media and women in general, particularly in as far as the media portrays them and in their efforts to participate equally in national development. The association was started in 1983 with the prime desire to promote the interests and advancement of women in the media. The organization is apolitical and is run on a voluntary basis by members who also work in various media houses in the country. The membership of sixty, is drawn from women professionals in the print, electronic, advertising and public relations. MISSION To use the media to promote the status of women in general, and to address the concerns of media women in particular, through various projects. OBJECTIVES To organise and unite media women professionals in fellowship and link them with other similar organizations elsewhere. To advance their interests in the profession and promote their understanding of the media profession. To promote the exchange of technical knowledge and professional expertise through the association. To promote training and job opportunities through scholarships, on-the-job guidance, lectures at girls schools and other institutions. To promote understanding of issues through the media as they affect women. OTHER PROGRAMMES Gender Training for Journalists: This has been going on since 1997 and aims at making coverage of women more gender sensitive. Response and interest generated by this training has shown the great need to continue with it. Journalists proposed both training of other journalists and editors so both men and women can get fair coverage. CIDA’s Gender Equity Support project and British Council sponsored this project. Training on Business Writing: This was necessitated by the realisation that women journalists are not involved in the coverage of business/economic issues. The objectives therefore were, to interest women journalists in the issues and encourage them to venture into this area. Women journalists proposed the need to continue the programme in order to equip them further. Nairobi Stock Exchange, NSE and British Council sponsored it. Media Monitoring: The project aims at monitoring how the media covers women in an effort to use the data for advocacy and change. The association has carried out a monitoring exercise in the coverage of violence against women. It intends to make it a regular exercise. It is supported by UN fund for women, UNIFEM.

An Understanding of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare :: Papers

An Understanding of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare The dictionary's definition of fate is "the development of events outside of a persons control predetermined by a supernatural power". What is a Supernatural Power? Again the dictionary says "attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature". In other words fate means that it has already been decided, it is inevitable. You can not do any thing to stop it. So in other words your decisions have already been made up and you don't realise. It as considered fate that they would meet and fall hopelessly in love with one another and then triadic ally die for each other. Fate brought the two together as well as ended their lives. It was in their stars or as some people would say it was fate. The human condition follows the course of state. Every one makes their choices out by themselves out of there own free will. Which affects there lives and a person around them lives, but will ultimately lead to there pre-determined fate. People inflict their own wounds during struggles and fight because of the choices that they make. This applies a lot in Romeo and Juliet and plays a major role in their lives. For example "A pair of star crossed lovers" From the Prologue line 6. When they both met for the first time and talked with passion about Romeo being a pilgrim and Juliet being a saint, they were already in love with one another. Romeo: "If I profane with my unworthiness hand this holy shrine, a gentle sin is this, my lips, to blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss." Juliet: "Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, with mannerly devotion shows in this, for saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch, and palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss" The way they talk about each other as if they were soul mates is amazing. They call each other pilgrims and saints; it makes them sound

Friendly Gossip is an Oxymoron :: Friendship Essay

Friendly Gossip is an Oxymoron "Can you keep a secret?" Becky asked me in a hushed tone. We were in my living room. Last I checked, my walls don't have ears. I had no idea why she was speaking so quietly. "Why? What is it?" I was wise to this type of chit-chat. She wanted to tell me a piece of gossip that she wasn't supposed to reveal. Her betrayal was quickly becoming my problem. Before I could respond negatively, she burst out, "Jennifer is pregnant!. She just found out and told me, but asked me not to tell anyone. You won't tell, will you?" She continued, "Just act surprised when she tells you." "Okay," I managed halfheartedly. How unfair. Now I knew something I shouldn't; even worse, I had to "pretend" to be clueless. Becky hadn't even given me a chance to say, "No, I don't want to know." I honestly didn't want to know. I had been in similar situations before and gotten burned. I lost a dear friend because of revealed secrets and gossip. Curiosity doesn't even get the best of me anymore. Now the games begin, I thought. Should I betray Becky or Jennifer? History repeats itself and I knew nothing but distrust would come of this conversation. Unfortunately, there is truly no such thing as "friendly gossip." At that moment, I knew that I couldn't trust Becky. Had she been revealing all the confidences that I shared with her in the past? She had always been a close friend. She was also that friend from whom I always learned the latest scoop on everyone. I started thinking of the countless secrets that I told her over the four years we knew each other. Many of those conversations became public. I hadn't thought she was the person who told. I hadn't considered that someone who claimed to be a dear friend would divulge my feelings. I heard an abundance of gossip from her lips. Not until she sat in my living room whispering about Jennifer had I considered she was a blabbermouth. I had told Becky when I discovered I was pregnant. She was ecstatic. I hadn't told anyone else. A few days later, everyone was congratulating me. I was hurt. I wanted to impart my wonderful news. I was deprived of the experience. Despite my hurt feelings, I didn't want to confront her. I didn't tell her that I suspected that she blabbed.

Managing Culture Essay

A central issue in management of organizational culture is how to overcome the Principle-Agent Problem and how to deal with the institutional theory. If a business is to effectively deal with an expanding government, it must make sure that its culture is well managed. To do so, organizational managers must learn how to prevail over the Principal Agent problem and the institutional theory. The Principal Agent problem is a description of a conflict of interests; that the principle (principle stakeholders, shareholders, etc. ) earns profits on the performance of the organization whereby the agents (employees) usually earn unconditional wages. They are parallel but conflicting wants; the principle seeks the greatest return for the least pay whereby the agent seeks to do the least work for the greatest pay. The Principle-Agent Problem is found in many employer/employee associations especially when stakeholders employ top executives of corporations (Jackson and Carter 2000). The principle must always settle conflicts between organizational objectives and the incentives of the different subgroups within the organization. Good managers employ incentives, commands, and organizational culture to make sure that this is achieved. On the other hand, institutional theory deals with the deeper and more flexible features of social structure. It lays emphasis to the procedures through which structures, regulations, norms, and customs develop as reliable guiding principles for social behavior. It finds out how these elements are developed, diffused, implemented, and adapted in an organization. The notion of Institutional theory and organizational culture is important in organizations. The building blocks of institutions and cultures have the capacity of carrying with them different meanings even in a single organization or culture. Differences in interpretations of mutual symbols support the multiplicity on which cultures flourish and institutions rely. In the theory of organizational culture, issues of diversity are mainly dealt with through studying the different subcultures while institutional theory deals with diversify in institutional logistics (Jackson and Carter 2000). Therefore, the management has a role to play in mediating between these two issues (Principle-Agent Problem the institutional theory). This essay develops the argument that organizational culture can and should be managed in corporations in five sections. Section 1 defines the meaning of organisational culture †¢ Section 2 outlines the importance of organisational culture †¢ Section 3 describes how organisational culture can be managed †¢ Section 4 describes Culture and Management of Organizational Change Section 5 describes the implications for culture management This essay will thus show that organizational culture should be managed since it leads to improved coordination and integration in organizations with the result being improved organizational effectiveness. What is Organizational Culture? Organizational culture refers to the set of mutual values, beliefs and expectations that govern the way members of an organization approach their duties in the work place and interrelate with one another. Research shows that organizational culture is quite different from other world cultures. It lays emphasis on how workers describe their colleagues and the kind of stories they share with one another. According to Schein 1980, organizational culture is â€Å"a pattern of shared basic assumptions that organizational members learn as it solves its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that works well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems† (Schein 1980:12). The figure below shows that organizational culture is divided into five levels, that is, fundamental assumptions, values, behavioral norms, pattern of behavior and Artifacts and Symbols. [pic] Figure 1: Levels of Organizational Culture (Adapted from Schein 1980) Importance of Organizational Culture Literature on organizational effectiveness shows that organizational culture plays a significant role in motivating and augmenting the value of intellectuals particularly the employees. The concept of organizational culture is important in knowledge intensive corporations. This paper makes it clear that culture is an essential factor in organizations and helps maximize the value of human resources. Schein 1990 advocates that organizational culture is even more significant in contemporary organizations than it was in the past. Organizational culture leads to improved coordination and integration in organizations with the result being improved organizational effectiveness. Through organizational culture, an organization is able to process invention and the capacity to successfully bring in new technologies. Organizational culture also enables organizations to effectively control dispersed work units and augment employee diversity. It also allows for cross-cultural management of international ventures and multi-national corporations. Besides the greater need to cope with the external and interior factors, organizational culture has become increasingly important since, for many organizations, intellectual assets now comprise the major source of value. Augmenting the value of workers as intellectual assets calls for a culture that encourages their intellectual participation and, eases both personal and organizational learning. It also calls for the creation and application of new knowledge and the readiness to share new ideas with others (Sennet 1998). Managing Organizational Culture With the fast changing environment and ongoing insights into organizational efficiency, business organizations are seriously rethinking how they should manage their cultures to achieve their goals and objectives. It is necessary for these organizations to identify the type of culture that is necessary to accomplish their goals and objectives and make certain the successful execution of the required changes (Ogbonna and Wilkinson 2003). Culture extends over the range of management thinking and corporate culture has been one of the most continuing catchphrases of organizational management. The appeal of the context is that corporate culture is ostensibly unifying and this clearly appeals to management’s involvement in forecasting an image of the corporation as a community of people’s interests. Possibly, culture penetrates to the core of an organization-it is almost similar to the context of personality regarding an individual and the critical sense of what defines an organization; its mission and core values. As a result, the management of culture should become a critical area of management competency in organizations. It should, however, be noted that adoption of the best culture is a prerequisite if an organization is to succeed. Managers should determine the most efficient culture for their organization and, if need be how to effectively change these cultures. The success of contemporary business organizations could be highly attributed to corporate culture. Research shows that organizational culture is a major pointer to organizational performance and this culture can be managed to enhance an organization’s competitive advantage. Organizational culture is a good image for an enterprise whose top management would like to develop. The image of a corporation differs in terms of how one views the organization. Research shows that even organizations with strong cultures have a broad social distance between senior management and employees. Organizational culture is barely planned or predictable; it is the ordinary results of social interrelations and, therefore, evolves and emerges with time. As a result, this should be managed to fit certain strategic ends since organizations have the ability of transforming themselves and the management of culture is such a good way of avoiding such incidents. According to Ogbonna and Wilkinson (2003), organizational culture should be managed as a device for augmenting company effectiveness (Ogbonna and Wilkinson 2003). Management of organizational culture can be more readily enumerated and empirically evaluated based on the interpersonal and symbolic features of management. This requires deep qualitative management of the organizational lives of every employee. Managers while managing organizational culture should put into consideration certain factors such as change-oriented culture, education culture, inventive culture and project-oriented culture. Management of organizational culture should identify and develop an organizational culture that allows for agility, encourages alliances, companionships and networks; promotes knowledge management; promotes corporate responsibility and proper integrity and incorporates diversity. Culture and Management of Organizational Change If real change is to take place in corporations rather than short-lived change, then it has to take place at the cultural perspective. Organizational culture has many strong attractions as a facilitator for change. Firstly, cultures can be plainly created-managers need to be aware of what is needed to change an already existing culture. The capacity of organizations to be culturally inventive is associated with leadership. The top management in any organization must be responsible for developing powerful cultures. This is because organizational leaders develop the social reality of a corporation; they shape organizational beliefs and deal with the drama and visualization of the corporation (Mir and Mir 2009). Research shows that culture is often counter posed to prescribed rationality- In this sense culture is significant in resolving the predicaments associated with bureaucracy in an organization; formal procedures are vital for organizational integrity though they also restrain autonomy and invention. Today, organizations are growing in an uncertain manner and the adoption of adaptable cultures that are receptive to change to deal with the changing environment and crises has become essential. Ackroyd and Crowdy, (1990) focus on the relationship between culture and the management of organizational change through the cultivation of friendly interactions at all levels, the amalgamation of individuals with shared goals and dependence on employee responsibility (Ackroyd and Crowdy 1990). Implications for The Management Of Culture In an Organization Research shows that there are two fundamental approaches to the management of culture in organizations and, by implication, this include strategy conforming (upholding order and continuity) and transforming (altering and breaking already existing patterns). As demonstrated by the successive poor performance of many companies, the efficiency of the selected approach to corporate culture and strategy depends on the conceptual factors relating to both the inner and the exterior business environment. Thus, organizational culture needs to be managed though the adopted strategies are highly determined by the prototype and prospect subscribed to by the manager. In coping with the management of organizational culture, it is important to identify as much as possible the features of the present or new target culture; the illusions, symbols, customs and assumptions that add force to the culture. Consequently, action can be initiated in any of the key areas listed below: †¢ Enrollment, selection and substitution- Culture management can be influenced by making certain that appointments make the existing culture stronger or encourage a culture shift; removal and substitution may be used to significantly change the culture of an organization. †¢ Socialization- stimulation and successive development and training can lead to acculturation to an already existing or new culture. This can also enhance interpersonal exchange of ideas and team work, which is vital in fragmented corporate cultures. Performance management/compensation systems- This can be used to encourage preferred behaviors, which may result to changed organizational values. †¢ Leadership- Managers can strengthen or assist in the abolishment of existing illusions, symbols, behaviors, and beliefs. †¢ Participation- of all corporate members in cultural rebuilding or management activities and related inputs, decision-making and improvement activities is important if long-term cultural change and management is to be achieved. Interpersonal communication- Meeting the needs of interpersonal interactions is vital in promoting an existing corporate culture and integrating organizational members into that culture. †¢ Effective teamwork- This encourages change and developments in cultural communication. †¢ Structures, principles, processes, and resource allocation- This need to be compatible with the culture of an organization (Boston, Istensaker and Falkenberg 2007). The above represent several strategies that can be used in corporations to manipulate it in terms of the cultures and subcultures that make it up.  The management of organizational culture is based on a complicated comprehension of the tacit and explicit features that make up the already existing culture. Conclusion This essay has shown that organizational culture can and should be managed. What makes up organizational culture and its alleged role in corporate success are contested, resting on prospects of culture either as traditionally based, change resilient, deep societal system which emphasizes all company strategies and activities. Organizational culture should thus be managed to provide for organizational success.